Crank And Slotted Lever Mechanism Engineering Essay

Crank And Slotted Lever Mechanism Engineering Essay In a kinematic chain when one link is fixed, then that chain is known as mechanism. It may be used for transmitting or transforming motion for example engine indicators, typewriters etc.[1] A mechanism which has four links is known as simple mechanism, and a mechanism which has more than four links is known as complex mechanism. A mechanism which is required to transmit some particular type of work is knows as machines. In certain cased the elements have to be designed to withstand the forces safely. A mechanism is a kinematic chain in which kinematic pairs are connected in such a way that first link is joined to the last link to transmit a predetermined constrained motion The various parts of the mechanism are called as links or elements. When two links are in contact and a relative motion is possible, then they are known as a pair. An arbitrary set of a link which forms a closed chain which is capable of relative motion and that can be made into a rigid structure by adding a single link is known as kinematics chain. To form a mechanism from a kinematics chain one of the link must be fixed. The technique obtaining different mechanism by fixing the various link in turn is knows as inversion. [2] Fig 1.1-Chart illustrating kinematic pair makes up a machine CHAPTER 2 KINEMATIC PAIRS Two links that can move with respect to each other by a mechanical constraint between them, with one or more degrees of freedom The relative motion between two links of a pair can take different form. Three types of pair are identified as lower pairs and these are the commonly occurring ones. Sliding: Such as occurs between a piston and a cylinder Turning: Such occurs with a wheel on an axle Screw Motion: Such as occurs between a nut and a bolt All other cases are considered to be combination of sliding and rolling is called higher pairs. Screw pair is higher pair as it combines turning and sliding. 2.1 Classification of Kinematic Pairs Since kinematics pairs deals with relative motion between two links then can be classifies based on the characteristics of relative motion between two bodies. The type of relative motion between the elements The type of contact between the elements The type of closure[1] The type of relative motion between the elements The kinematic pair according to type of relative motion can classified as below Sliding Pair Turning Pair Rolling Pair Screw Pair Spherical Pair 2.1.2 The type of contact between the elements The kinematic pair according to type of contact between the elements can be classified Lower Pair Higher Pair 2.1.3 The type of closure The kinematic pair according to type of closure between the elements can be classified as Self -Closed Pair Force -Closed Pair 2.2 GRUBLERS CRITERION FOR PLANAR MECHANISM The Grublers criterion applies to mechanism with only single degree of freedom joints where the overall movability of the mechanism is unity.Subtituting n=1 and h=0 in kutzbach equation we have [3] F= 3 (n-1) 2j h The equation is known as Grublers criterion for plane mechanisms with constrained motion. 2j-3n+h+4=0 Where, F=number of degrees of freedom of a chain j= number of lower kinematic pairs h = number of higher kinematic pairs n= number of links When F=1, the linkage is called a mechanism. When F=0 it forms a structure. That is an application of external force does not produce relative motion between any links of a linkage When F>1 the linkage will require more than one external driving force 2 obtain constrained motion When F 2.3 KINEMATIC CHAIN A Kinematic Chain is defined as a closed network of links, connected by kinematic pairs so that the motion is constrained. First a network of links to give constrained motion, certain conditions are to be satisfied. Minimum number of three links is required to form a closed chain .The three links are connected with turning pairs. Fig.2.1 (a) A Five-Link Kinematic Chain (b) Six-Link Kinematic Mechanism 2.3.1 Types of kinematic chains The most important kinematic chains are those which consists of four lower pairs, each pair being a sliding pair or a turning pair Four Bar Chain or Quadric Cyclic Chain Single Slider Crank chain Double slider crank chain 2.3.2 Inversions Inversion is a method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain. A particular inversion of a mechanism may give rise to different mechanism of practical unity, when the proportions of the link are changed [2]. CHAPTER 3 SLOTTED LINK QUICK RETURN MECHANISM Slotted link mechanism which is commonly used in shaper mechanism. The mechanism which converts rotary motion of electric motor and gear box into the reciprocating motion of ram which is the most simple and compact machine.[3] Fig 3.1 : Slotted link mechanism The slotted link mechanism which is mainly divided into seven main parts .They are A Clamping nut B Ram C Link D D Crankpin A E Slotted crank B F Bull Wheel G Glot Slotted link mechanism gives ram the higher velocity during the return stroke (i.e. Non cutting stroke) .Then the forward stroke which reduces the wasting during the return stroke. [4] When the bull wheel is rotated the crank pin A is also rotated side by side through the slot the crank B. This makes the slotted crank B.This makes the slotted crank to oscillate about one end C.The oscillation motion of slotted crank makes ram to reciprocate. The intermediate D is required to accommodate the rise and fall of the crank. Crank Pin A decides the length of the strokes of the shaper. The further its away from the center of the bull wheel longer is its stroke. The cutting stroke of the ram is complete while crank pin moves from A to A1 and slotted link goes from left to right. During return stroke pin moves from A1 to A and link moves from right to left Cutting Time/Idle Time = Angle of AZA1/ Angles of AZA2 3.1 SHAPER MECHANISM The working of a shaper mechanism is that it has two stokes. One is forward stroke and the other is return stroke. Clearing up more about these two strokes is that in the forward stroke the material is feeded, where as in the return stroke is an idle stroke when no material is feeded.[6] Fig 3.2 : Shaper Mechanism Shaping process which involves only short setup time and uses only inexpensive tools. Shaping is used for the production of gears ,splined shafts racks etc. it can produce one or two such parts in a shaper less time that is required to setup for production. Other alternatively equipment with a higher output rate is required. [5] The cost per cubic cm of metal removal by shaping may be as five times more than that of the removal by milling or broaching. Shaping machines are mainly used in tool rooms or model shops. 3.2 SHAPER CUTTING SPEED The cutting speed depends on The type of material used. The amount of material removed. The kinds of tool material. The rigidity of machine. 3.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHITHWORTH AS WELL AS QUICK RETURN MECHANISM Maximum pressure is holding the ram down the slides so that steadying is most necessary on entering the cut In Whitworth motion, the main pressure is in the correct place, less pressure is required in center of stroke. Slotted link motion is opposite to all the points explained above. Not withstanding the recompense stated above for the Whitworth motion, constructional difficulty make it more suitable for traversing head shaping machines and slotting machines, so that the crank motion, despite its restrictions finds universal adaptation for the pillar style of shaping machines.[6] CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER MECHANISM Design and fabrication of crank and slotted lever mechanism and also doing the structural and thermal analysis of crank shaft. Drawing the velocity diagram of the mechanism. Fig 4.1 : Dimensions for the components using AutoCAD DESIGNING USING CATIA The design of different components is explained here using Catia. SLOTTED LEVER Slotted lever connected to the crank shaft which provides the forward and backward motion of the tool post. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the slotted lever is also explained Fig 4.2: Design of slotted lever FIG4.3: Different angle view of slotted lever CRANK SHAFT Crank shaft which is connected to flywheel with the help of a motor , which provides the rotation of the crank shaft as well as the rotation of the slotted lever connected to it. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the crank shaft is also explained Fig 4.4: DESIGN of crank shaft Fig 4.5: Different angle view of crank shaft TOOL POST Tool post which is connected to slotted lever, where the tool is connected to it which is used for the cutting of materials. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the Tool post is also explained Fig 4.6: Design of tool post Fig 4.7: Different angle view of tool post TOOL CUTTER Tool cutter is connected to the tool which is used to cut the material. The design is done as per assumed dimensions. Different view of the Tool is also explained. Fig 4.8: Design of tool Fig 4.9: Different angle view of tool 5.2 FABRICATION OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER With the help of above design of different components it has been combined together to form a crank and slotted lever mechanism which is seen mainly in shaper machines. Fig4.10: Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism The final fabrication model will be represented as shown below. Fig4.11: Final Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism 4.3 MODEL FABRICATION To conclude my Assigned project I hereby affix few photos of crank and slotted quick return mechanism indicating the functioning the same. Fig 4.12: FABRICATED MODEL OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER Fig 4.13: SLOTTED LEVER CONNECTED TO THE LEVER CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CRANK SHAFT Crank and slotted lever mechanism, crank shaft which acts as the rotating device which helps the slotted lever forward and backward movement. Therefore analyzing the different propertied which take place in a crank shaft 5.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Fig 5.1: Crank shaft used for analysis Units TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius Model (C4) Geometry TABLE 2 Model (C4) > Geometry Object Name Geometry State Fully Defined Definition Source C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart Type Catia5 Length Unit Millimeters Element Control Program Controlled Display Style Part Color Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Scale Factor Value 1. Statistics Bodies 1 Active Bodies 1 Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Preferences Import Solid Bodies Yes Import Surface Bodies Yes Import Line Bodies No Parameter Processing Yes Personal Parameter Key DS CAD Attribute Transfer No Named Selection Processing No Material Properties Transfer No CAD Associatively Yes Import Coordinate Systems No Reader Save Part File No Import Using Instances Yes Do Smart Update No Attach File Via Temp File Yes Temporary Directory C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp Analysis Type 3-D Mixed Import Resolution None Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes TABLE 3 Model (C4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name Part 1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Centroid X 1.e-002 m Centroid Y -1.9072e-004 m Centroid Z -1.9565e-004 m Moment of Inertia Ip1 2.4661e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip2 1.2451e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.2537e-002 kg ·m ² Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Coordinate Systems TABLE 4 Model (C4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Ansys System Number 0. Origin Origin X 0. m Origin Y 0. m Origin Z 0. m Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ] Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ] Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ] Mesh TABLE 5 Model (C4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Coarse Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Fast Span Angle Center Coarse Minimum Edge Length 2.e-002 m Inflation Use Automatic Tet Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0.272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1.2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Pinch Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate on Refresh No Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Static Structural (C5) TABLE 6 Model (C4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (C5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical Options Environment Temperature 22.  °C Generate Input Only No TABLE 7 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Analysis Settings Object Name Analysis Settings State Fully Defined Step Controls Number Of Steps 1. Current Step Number 1. Step End Time 1. s Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled Solver Controls Solver Type Program Controlled Weak Springs Program Controlled Large Deflection Off Inertia Relief Off Nonlinear Controls Force Convergence Program Controlled Moment Convergence Program Controlled Displacement Convergence Program Controlled Rotation Convergence Program Controlled Line Search Program Controlled Output Controls Calculate Stress Yes Calculate Strain Yes Calculate Results At All Time Points Analysis Data Management Solver Files Directory F:ansyshallo_filesdp0SYS-1MECH Future Analysis None Scratch Solver Files Directory Save ANSYS db No Delete Unneeded Files Yes Nonlinear Solution No Solver Units Active System Solver Unit System mks TABLE 8 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Rotations Object Name Rotational Velocity State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Vector Magnitude 200. rad/s (ramped) Axis Defined Suppressed No Fig 5.2 : Graph showing rotational velocity TABLE 9 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Loads Object Name Frictionless Support State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry 1 Face Definition Type Frictionless Support Suppressed No Solution (C6) TABLE 10 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution Object Name Solution (C6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1. Refinement Depth 2. TABLE 11 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2.5 s Display Points All TABLE 12 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results Object Name Total Deformation Minimum Principal Elastic Strain Stress Intensity Middle Principal Stress Equivalent Stress State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Minimum Principal Elastic Strain Stress Intensity Middle Principal Stress Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress By Time Display Time Last Calculate Time History Yes Identifier Use Average Yes Results Minimum 8.5255e-009 m -8.1173e-006 m/m 5.3895e+005 Pa -4.8689e+005 Pa 5.3642e+005 Pa Maximum 7.9016e-007 m -8.1177e-007 m/m 3.0171e+006 Pa 1.2909e+006 Pa 2.7325e+006 Pa Information Time 1. s Load Step 1 Substep 1 Iteration Number 1 TABLE 13 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results Object Name Shear Stress Vector Principal Elastic Strain Strain Energy State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Shear Stress Vector Principal Elastic Strain Strain Energy Orientation XY Plane By Time Display Time Last Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Calculate Time History Yes Use Average Yes Identifier Results Minimum -3.4345e+005 Pa 5.6327e-007 J Maximum 3.4345e+005 Pa 1.1931e-005 J Information Time 1. s Load Step 1 Substep 1 Iteration Number 1 Material Data Structural Steel TABLE 14 Structural Steel > Constants Density 7850 kg m^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m TABLE 15 Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa 0 TABLE 16 Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength Pa 2.5e+008 TABLE 17 Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength Pa 2.5e+008 TABLE 18 Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa 4.6e+008 TABLE 19 Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Alternating Stress Pa Cycles Mean Stress Pa 3.999e+009 10 0 2.827e+009 20 0 1.896e+009 50 0 1.413e+009 100 0 1.069e+009 200 0 4.41e+008 2000 0 2.62e+008 10000 0 2.14e+008 20000 0 1.38e+008 1.e+005 0 1.14e+008 2.e+005 0 8.62e+007 1.e+006 0 TABLE 20 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Coefficient Pa Strength Exponent Ductility Coefficient Ductility Exponent Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent 9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2 TABLE 21 Structural Steel > Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 22 Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Youngs Modulus Pa Poissons Ratio 2.e+011 0.3 Fig 5.3 : Middle Principal Stress Fig 5.3: Principal Stress Fig 5.4: Strain Energy Fig 5.5: Minimm Principal Elastic Strain Fig 5.6: Stress Intensity Fig 5.7: TOTAL Deformation Fig 5.8: VECTOR Principal Elastic Strain 5.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS Thermal Analysis is the heat developed in crank shaft. Units TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius Model (D4) Geometry TABLE 2 Model (D4) > Geometry Object Name Geometry State Fully Defined Definition Source C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart Type Catia5 Length Unit Millimeters Element Control Program Controlled Display Style Part Color Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Scale Factor Value 1. Statistics Bodies 1 Active Bodies 1 Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Preferences Import Solid Bodies Yes Import Surface Bodies Yes Import Line Bodies No Parameter Processing Yes Personal Parameter Key DS CAD Attribute Transfer No Named Selection Processing No Material Properties Transfer No CAD Associativity Yes Import Coordinate Systems No Reader Save Part File No Import Using Instances Yes Do Smart Update No Attach File Via Temp File Yes Temporary Directory C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp Analysis Type 3-D Mixed Import Resolution None Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes TABLE 3 Model (D4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name Part 1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Centroid X 1.e-002 m Centroid Y -1.9072e-004 m Centroid Z -1.9565e-004 m Moment of Inertia Ip1 2.4661e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip2 1.2451e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.2537e-002 kg ·m ² Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Coordinate Systems TABLE 4 Model (D4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Ansys System Number 0. Origin Origin X 0. m Origin Y 0. m Origin Z 0. m Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ] Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ] Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ] Mesh TABLE 5 Model (D4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Coarse Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Fast Span Angle Center Coarse Minimum Edge Length 2.e-002 m Inflation Use Automatic Tet Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0.272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1.2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Pinch Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate on Refresh No Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Steady-State Thermal (D5) TABLE 6 Model (D4) > Analysis Object Name Steady-State Thermal (D5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Thermal Analysis Type Steady-State Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical Options Generate Input Only No TABLE 7 Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Initial C

Medical Unknown

** Introduction : A medical microbiology lab performs testing on human samples collected from different body sites. The tests are used to detect and identify any microorganisms capable of causing disease. Knowing of unknown microorganism is important on how this microorganism   works and how it is structured, means knowing how it can affect humans. The purpose of this study was to identify an unknown bacterium by applying all methods that were previously conducted and learned in the medical microbiology laboratory class. **Materials : 1) Blood agar plate . 2) Mannitol Salt agar (MSA) plate. ) DNase agar plate . 4) Novobiocin disc . 5) Inoculating loop. 6) flame ( Bunsen burner) . 7) 1N hydrochloric acid (HCl) . 8) Two slides . 9) Plasma tube. 10) 3% Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) . 11) One unknown plate . 12) Crystal violet. 13) Gram’s iodine . 14) Safranin. 15) Alcohol . ** Methods : An unknown labeled with number 8 was given out by the lab instructor. The goal at this point was to determine unknown gram positive vacteria. The procedures performed consisted of sterile technique in addition to being followed as stated in the referenced course laboratory manual by Matar (1) , unless otherwise noted.Not all of the tests were performed on every culture. However, there are as some of the tests were used only for gram (+) others were even more specific and used only for cocci bacteria . The first procedure have been done was to observe and record the morphology of the unknown sample. However, Gram stain should be done to be sure that unknown sample were gram positive and to identify cells morphology. After that biochemical tests were chosen for unknown identification . first of all was done the catalase test to differentiate between the two types of cocci bacteria ( Staphylococcus and Streptococcus ) .Since unknown 8 was determined to be Staphylococcus coagulase test in addition to the following tests were performed on this unknown : 1) Production of DNase on DNa se agar. 2) Blood agar with novobiocin (NB) test . 3) Mannitol fermentation on Mannitol Salt agar (MSA) . **Results : Colonies morphology on plate was given were as follows : circular, raised, smooth, opaque, white-yellow pigmens. After knowing that it was Gram positive cocci , a catalase test and coagulase test was done , in addition to different plates incubation ( Blood agar , DNase and MSA plates ) .The following table lists all of the tests were done : Test| Purpose| Reagents| Observations| Results| Gram stain| To determine The gram rxn ofBacterium. | Crystal violet,Iodine, Alcohol&Safranin. | Purple cocci| Gram positive Cocci . | Catalase test| To determine ifBact. Posses catalase enzyme. | 3% H2O2| Oxygen bubblesWere observed. | Positive catalaseTest. | Coagulase test| To detect thePresence of â€Å"Clumping factor†. | Plasma. | No clot was Formed. | Negative coagul-ase test . | DNase plate Test| To determine ifBact. producesDNase enzyme. | 1N HCl . Cloudy zone (notCle ar one ). | Negative . | Hemolysis test(blood agar). | To determine ifBacteria do Hemolysis. | None . | No visible Changes wereAround colonies. | Gamma hemolysis| Mannitol Fermentation. | To determineThe ability of Bacterium to ferment mannitol. | None . | Color changeFrom pink to Yellow . | Positive mannitolFermenter. | Novobiocin Test| To detect Sensitivity or Resistance of Bact to NB Antibiotic. | NB antibiotic . | No zone ofInhibition aroundDisc. | Resistant bact. | Flowchart Unknown 8 Gram stain Gram positive cocci Catalse test(positive)Positive Negative Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus pneumonia Staphylococcus epidermidis. Viridans Streptococci Staphylococcus saprophyticus S. pyogens S. agalactiae Coagulase and Dnase test (Negative) Enterococcus sp. Positive Negative Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus Novobiocin test(Resistance)Sensitive Resistance Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus MSA plate (Positive) Neg ative Positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus saprophyticus Staphylococcus aureus. Blood agar plate(hemolytic test) (no hemolysis) Staphylococcus saprophyticus Unknown 8- S. saprophyticus **Discussion /Conclusion : It was concluded that Unknown 8 was S. saprophyticus . After applying Gram stain the gram positive bacteria was cocci in shape when viewed with a light microscope so a catalase test was performed.The bacteria was able to break down hydrogen peroxide upon its addition into water and gaseous oxygen which created bubbling and indicated a positive result. A sample was then inoculated on a mannitol salt agar plate. After incubation growth was present and the red media had turned yellow around the growth as a result of high levels of acid production. The data suggests that the gram positive bacteria was Staphylococci saprophyticus because it was gram positive, was catalase positive with the production of O, and was resistant to novobiocin disc.Staphylococcus saproph yticus is a strain of Staphylococcus bacteria. Approximately 25 percent of individuals carry this bacteria in the anal area, genitals, nose and mouth. People who walk barefoot are prone to acquire the bacteria from the floor. Staphylococcus may cause an infection when the bacteria enter a cut in any area of the body. These staph infections can range from boils to flesh-eating infections. The most common staph infection is Staphylococcus saprophyticus which commonly occurs in women.This staph is one of two bacteria which can invade the urinary tract. Approximately 20 percent of women who suffer from a urinary tract infection (UTI) will have another infection. **References : 1) Matar, Suzan. Medical microbiology Laboratory Manual. Jordan: University of Jordan publishing. 2) http://www. studymode. com/subjects/unknown-lab-report-on-gram-positive-bacteria-page1. html . 3) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria . 4) http://www. ehow. com/about_5453276_staphylococcus-saprop hyticus-infection. html

Unemployment Inflation And Gdp In The Us Economics Essay

Three cardinal elements qualify the growing of an economic system. They include rate of unemployment, rising prices and assorted figures that define the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . A reappraisal of these issues is indispensable in order to give the reader some good apprehension of economic growing. Harmonizing to the Bureau of Statistics, unemployment rate in the United States seems to lifting somewhat than expected. The agency maintains that 8.8 % of grownup work forces and 7.9 % of their female opposite numbers autumn under the unemployed class. In add-on, the rate of rising prices as indicated by latest study from the agency seems to on the rise. This has resulted in the overall addition of consumer monetary value index by up to 1.6 % before any signifier of seasonal accommodation. Finally figures from the Bureau of economic analysis indicate that the GDP for the 4th one-fourth of 2010 rose by 3.2 % . This is largely attributed to high demand of labour and additions in belong ings monetary values. This information is indispensable for family, investors and policy shapers towards the growing and development of the economic system.FamiliesInflation is the most pertinent issue that affects many families in the United States. Phil ‘s Stock World ( 2011 ) on his remark in the double authorization morass asserts that, harmonizing to informations from assorted transcripts, the Federal Reserve is still unconcerned about rising prices, in malice of important grounds to the contrary. In fact, the Fed is so unconcerned about rising prices that, it needed to advert â€Å" rising prices † 49 times in its study. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) goes on to add that, due to the merely passed planetary economical crisis, families should non anticipate a speedy reprieve. In fact the Fed expects the idle rate to stay â€Å" elevated † at the terminal of 2012 ; even though it claimed a lifting existent GDP might easy cut down unemployment. A study conducted on 60000 families indicates that rising prices does non offer any signifier of alteration aimed at change by reversaling the downward tendency in unemployment degrees. Morgan Stanley is of the position that although employment was reported to hold fallen by 622000, this information is still nonmeaningful. No uncertainty, monetary values of natural stuffs have risen. There are some basic grounds for this upward tendency. The planetary growing phenomenon is partially to fault. Increased demand from China, India, and Africa among others will set upward force per unit area on trade good monetary values. It is overriding to observe that trade good monetary values are besides a map of involvement rates. Low involvement rates cause a comparative addition in the value of low ended merchandises ( due to take down discounting ) , making less incentive for extraction, and cut downing the cost of keeping stock lists ( Phil et al 2011 ) .InvestorsInflation influences investor â €˜s determinations in more luxuriant ways as compared to families. With an addition in inflationary force per unit area, involvement rates will be high and hence decrease in investing. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) notes that, sing the relentless travel up in stocks, â€Å" Our market marks, breakout two degrees, and major jailbreak degrees are supplying more bullish fuel to our market thesis. † He further points out that, the U.S. bond markets were responding to inflationary concerns, ensuing in Treasury- bond outputs lifting and bond monetary values falling. Phil et al farther argues that, â€Å" It all comes back to rising prices. The Fed merely does n't believe it exists or, if it does, believes it wo n't last. It ca n't reallyA lose. The Fed can merely be incorrect this meeting and so make nil and delay until following meeting and so ‘reevaluate. ‘ Morgan et al 2011, in contrast argues that harmonizing to the FOMC proceedingss, â€Å" many participants expect that , with important slack in resource markets and longer-term rising prices outlooks stable, steps of nucleus rising prices would stay near to current degrees in coming quarters † . This means that rising prices is likely to impact investors ‘ determinations particularly in relation to short term investings.Policy MakersThe policy shapers play a major function in the running of the economic system. Morgan et Al reiterates that with the strong economic recoil, policy-makers are now following a somewhat anti-cyclical stance. The primary balance ( runing gross less entire outgo ) is expected to travel from a shortage of 0.3 % of GDP in F2010 to a excess of 0.3 % in F2011. Meanwhile, the overall budget balance ( which takes into history particular transportations, top-ups and net investing returns part ) is expected to travel from a shortage of 0.1 % of GDP in F2010 to a excess of 0.03 % in 2011. Specifically, the swing from a little shortage place to a more or less balanced bu dget is chiefly due to the addition in particular transportations being offset by cutbacks in development outgo. In add-on to that in order to hike g.d.p the Fed has a figure of tools ( such as contrary rest and clip sedimentations for depositary establishments ) to take militias from the banking system when appropriate. However, a crisp tightening in pecuniary policy is improbable. The Fed will finally hold to take the pes off the gas pedal ( non needfully â€Å" hitting the brakes † ) as a â€Å" standardization † of pecuniary policy. Removing the conditional committedness to maintain short-run involvement rates near nothing for â€Å" an drawn-out period † will depend on a alteration in the Fed ‘s declared conditions: low rates of resource use ( equivalently, an elevated unemployment rate ) ; a low implicit in tendency in rising prices ; and well-anchored rising prices outlooks ( Morgan et al 2011 ) .

Treating De Quervains Syndrome at Home

It is important to note that treating De Quervains syndrome, also known as gamers thumb, at home or without the direction of a doctor is possible, however, severe or chronic De Quervains syndrome should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider since, if left untreated, De Quervains syndrome can result in permanent injury and a loss of your range of motion and grip strength. Treating De Quervains syndrome should begin when symptoms first appear and continue as long as the symptoms persist or the cause is still relevant. Treatment should be done leading up towards a doctors appointment or during your data gathering activities while trying to determine the cause of your De Quervains syndrome. Treatments and their effectiveness should be noted within this data. The first step in treating De Quervains syndrome at home is taking care of your general health. Chronic inflammation affects a lot of people and can contribute to or hamper your recovery from most repetitive stress injuries, including De Quervains syndrome. General Health To make your De Quervains syndrome treatments the as effective as they can be you should be in good health and at a healthy body weight. Being overweight contributes to chronic inflammation and affects your circulation as well. And without good circulation, your body cant repair itself effectively. So maintaining a good circulatory system through cardiovascular exercise helps. Hydration Staying hydrated is important as well. A good rule of thumb to stay hydrated is to take your weight in pounds, slide the decimal to the left so you lose the ones column, and drink that many ounces of water. If you weigh 250 pounds then you should drink at least 25 ounces of water a day. Rest The best way to treat your De Quervains syndrome at home is to identify what activities are causing the repetitive stress and avoid doing them while allowing your wrist and thumb ample time to rest and heal. Being able to take a couple weeks off and not use your hand for much is almost always impossible. So at least try to reduce the length of time, the number of repetitions or strength required to perform the tasks causing the repetitive stress. If at all possible avoid repetitive motions of any type with the hand and wrist. Ice One of the most effective treatments for any inflammation, like De Quervains syndrome, is using ice. Ice reduces swelling and relieves pain. Use an ice pack regularly to reduce your inflammation following a 15 minute on - 15 minute off pattern. A cool pack, one that isnt as cold as frozen ice, can be kept on longer. Follow the manufacturers recommendation on these items. Over the Counter Medication The inflammation associated with De Quervains syndrome can be reduced with the use of over the counter anti-inflammatory medication such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen. They are also effective at managing pain. Liniments and pain relieving balms can help temporarily relieve your pain, but often do not reduce the inflammation. Whether you use a pill or a topical pain reliever it is important to remember that they are simply masking your pain. The problem is still there and if you continue to stress the area while the pain is masked you can further injure yourself. Stabilization/Immobilization When treating De Quervains syndrome at home you may want to consider wearing a splint to immobilize the wrist and thumb that is being afflicted. A splint will completely immobilize your thumb and/or wrist allowing it to heal without further stressing the area. If complete immobilization is not practical then stabilization may help. To stabilize the wrist and thumb for De Quervains syndrome a brace or compression wrap is used to support the wrist and thumb, especially when gripping. This provides more support to the area reducing some of the stress and range of motion you would normally receive. But it does not impede you from all repetitive stress or further injuring yourself. Exercise Physical therapy is a vital part of treating and recovering from De Quervains syndrome. A doctor or physical therapist can provide you with an exercise regiment to help your particular condition and instruct you in the proper execution of those exercises. A couple of easy stretches can be performed on your own, however. These stretches should only be done a couple of times a day and you should not experience any pain when doing them. If they are hurting it may be time to see a doctor for your De Quervains syndrome. Stretching the muscle between the thumb and the palm is a good exercise. The inflammation and irritation of the tendons in De Quervains syndrome often destabilize the base of the thumb. It becomes weak and difficult to properly use. You can help relieve the stress at the base thumb joint by stretching and massaging the muscles and tissues that hold it in place. To perform this stretch grab your afflicted thumb with your other hand and pull the thumb away from your palm. Hold the stretch for ten to fifteen seconds and then release. Let the sensation die down completely before stretching again. Perform this stretch with the hands below the level of your heart for better circulation during the stretch. Massaging the web of muscle and tissue between the thumb and palm is beneficial as well. Next stretch the tendons that control the thumb and pass through the wrist, the ones causing the problem. Hold your hand in a relaxed fist and flex your wrist downward much like in Finkelsteins test. Dont flex your wrist to the point of pain, however. Just give it a relaxing stretch for ten to fifteen seconds and then release. These stretches should be done once or twice a day and no more. The area has very small muscles that can easily be overworked. If you strain those muscles and your thumb starts hurting give it a day or two before you begin stretching again. The stretching will have a cumulative relaxing effect on your De Quervains syndrome over the course of a couple of weeks. It is important to note that you should not stretch any part of your body when it is cold. So do not stretch your thumb after icing it or when under the effects of a pain reliever since it is easy to overstretch things in those cases.